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{{Julio-Claudian dynasty|image=|caption=-->
Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus (24 May 15 BC–October 10, 19) was a member of the
Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire. He was called either
Nero Claudius Drusus or
Tiberius Claudius Nero at birth and received the agnomen
"Germanicus", by which he is principally known, in 9 BC, when it was awarded to his father in honour of his victories in
Germania.
Early life
Germanicus' parents were general Nero Claudius Drusus (son of Empress
Livia Drusilla, third wife of Emperor
Augustus) and
Antonia Minor (daughter of triumvir Mark Antony and
Octavia Minor, sister of Augustus).
Livilla and Emperor Claudius were his siblings. Germanicus married Agrippina the Elder, a granddaughter of Augustus, who gave him nine children. Two died whilst very young, another Gaius Julius Caesar died in early childhood. The other six survived to grown age:
- Nero Caesar
- Drusus Caesar
- Gaius Caesar or Caligula, future Emperor
- Agrippina the Younger, mother of Emperor Nero
- Drusilla (sister of Caligula)
- Julia Livilla
Germanicus was very popular among the citizens of
Rome, who celebrated enthusiastically all his victories. He was also a favourite with Augustus, his great-uncle and his wife's grandfather, who, for some time, considered him as heir to the Empire. In
4, at the persuasion of Livia (Augustus' wife), Augustus decided in favour of
Tiberius, a stepson from Livia's first marriage. Augustus compelled Tiberius to adopt Germanicus as a son and name him as his heir (
Tacitus, Annals IV.57).
Germanicus assumed several military commands leading the army in the campaigns in Pannonia and
Dalmatia. He is recorded to have been an excellent soldier and inspired leader, loved by the Roman legion. In the year
12 he was appointed consul after five mandates as
quaestor.
Commander of Germania
After the death of Augustus in
14, the Roman Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in
Germania. A short time after, the legions rioted on the news that their recruitments would not be marked back down to 16 years from the now standard 20. Refusing to accept this, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. But he chose to honour Augustus' choice and put an end to the mutiny, preferring to continue only as a general. In a bid to secure the loyalty of his troops and his own popularity with them and with the Roman people, he led them on a spectacular but brutal raid against the Marsi, a German tribe on the upper Ruhr river, in which he massacred much of the tribe.
During each of the next two years, he led his 8-legion army into Germany against the coalition of tribes led by
Arminius, which had successfully overthrown Roman rule in a rebellion in 9. His major success was the capture of Arminius' wife in May 15. He was able to devastate large areas and eliminate any form of active resistance, but the majority of the Germans fled at the sight of the Roman army into remote forests. The raids were considered a success since the major goal of destroying any rebel alliance networks was completed.
After visiting the site of the disastrous
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 20,000 Romans had been killed in 9, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.
In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses, and then met Arminius' army at Idistoviso, further up the Weser, near modern Rinteln, in an engagement often called the
Battle of the Weser River. Germanicus's leadership and command qualities were shown in full at the battle as his superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern
Hanover,repeating the pattern of high German fatalities forcing them to flee. With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. Although only a small number of soldiers died it was still a bad ending for a brilliantly fought campaign. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three
aquila (Roman) lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.
Despite the successes enjoyed by his troops, Germanicus' German campaign was in reaction to the mutinous intentions of his troops, and lacked any strategic value. In addition he engaged the very German leader (Arminius) who had destroyed three Roman legions in AD 9, and exposed his troops to the remains of those dead Romans. Furthermore, in leading his troops across the Rhine, without recourse to Tiberius, he contradicted the advice of Augustus to keep that river as the boundary of the empire, and opened himself to doubts about his motives in such independent action. These errors in strategic and political judgement gave Tiberius reason enough to recall his nephew.David Shotter,
Tiberius Caesar (London: Routledge, 1992) 35-37
Asia and Death
Germanicus was then sent to
Asia (Roman province), where in 18 he defeated the kingdoms of Cappadocia and Commagene, turning them into
Roman provinces. During a sightseeing trip to Egypt (not a regular province, but the personal property of the Emperor) he seems to have unwittingly usurped several imperial prerogatives.Shotter, 38 The following year he found that the governor of Syria (Roman province),
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, had cancelled the provincial arrangements that he had made. Germanicus in turn ordered Piso's reacall to Rome, although this action was probably beyond his authority.Shotter, 38 In the midst of this feud Germanicus died suddenly in Antioch of a wasting illness - or poison. His death was surrounded by speculation, with several sources claiming he was poisoned by Piso, under orders from Emperor Tiberius. This was never proven, and Piso later committed suicide while facing trial, but
Lives of the Twelve Caesars suggests Tiberius' jealousy and fear of his adopted son's popularity and increasing power as a motive.
The death of Germanicus in what can only be described as dubious circumstances greatly affected Tiberius' popularity in Rome, leading to the creation of a climate of fear in Rome itself. Also suspected of connivance in his death was Tiberius' chief advisor, Sejanus, who would then turn the empire into a frightful tyranny throughout the 20s, before himself being removed and executed by Tiberius in a bloody purge in 31.
For Tacitus, the historian to whom we owe much of the information in this article, Germanicus was the epitome of Roman virtue and manliness, and his death symbolic of the decline of such virtue in the face of the rise of corruption and tyranny. His account of the German campaigns systematically contrasts Germanicus' prowess and popularity to the intriguing jealousy of his uncle, the emperor - and the maliciousness of Sejanus - while on the other hand portraying the war itself as a contest between two worthy heroes, Germanicus and Arminius. If the account downplays the setbacks suffered by Germanicus, the point is not so much to denigrate Arminius as it is to justify Germanicus in opposition to Tiberius.
Literary Activity
Germanicus made a Latin version, which survives, of Aratus's
Phainomena, for which reason he is ranked among Roman writers on
astrology.
See Also
References
External Links
- (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Umbria) "The Bronze Statue of Germanicus" of Amelia (Terni). Circumstances of the chance discovery in 1963 and restoration of this extremely fine heroic portrait bronze.
{{Julio-Claudian dynasty|image=|caption=-->
Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus (
24 May 15 BC–
October 10, 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early
Roman Empire. He was called either
Nero Claudius Drusus or
Tiberius Claudius Nero at birth and received the
agnomen "Germanicus", by which he is principally known, in 9 BC, when it was awarded to his father in honour of his victories in Germania.
Early life
Germanicus' parents were general
Nero Claudius Drusus (son of Empress
Livia Drusilla, third wife of Emperor
Augustus) and Antonia Minor (daughter of triumvir Mark Antony and
Octavia Minor, sister of Augustus).
Livilla and Emperor
Claudius were his siblings. Germanicus married
Agrippina the Elder, a granddaughter of Augustus, who gave him nine children. Two died whilst very young, another Gaius Julius Caesar died in early childhood. The other six survived to grown age:
- Nero Caesar
- Drusus Caesar
- Gaius Caesar or Caligula, future Emperor
- Agrippina the Younger, mother of Emperor Nero
- Drusilla (sister of Caligula)
- Julia Livilla
Germanicus was very popular among the citizens of Rome, who celebrated enthusiastically all his victories. He was also a favourite with
Augustus, his great-uncle and his wife's grandfather, who, for some time, considered him as heir to the Empire. In 4, at the persuasion of Livia (Augustus' wife), Augustus decided in favour of
Tiberius, a stepson from Livia's first marriage. Augustus compelled Tiberius to adopt Germanicus as a son and name him as his heir (Tacitus, Annals IV.57).
Germanicus assumed several military commands leading the army in the campaigns in
Pannonia and Dalmatia. He is recorded to have been an excellent soldier and inspired leader, loved by the Roman legion. In the year 12 he was appointed
consul after five mandates as quaestor.
Commander of Germania
After the death of Augustus in
14, the Roman Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in
Germania. A short time after, the legions rioted on the news that their recruitments would not be marked back down to 16 years from the now standard 20. Refusing to accept this, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. But he chose to honour Augustus' choice and put an end to the mutiny, preferring to continue only as a general. In a bid to secure the loyalty of his troops and his own popularity with them and with the Roman people, he led them on a spectacular but brutal raid against the Marsi, a German tribe on the upper Ruhr river, in which he massacred much of the tribe.
During each of the next two years, he led his 8-legion army into Germany against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius, which had successfully overthrown Roman rule in a rebellion in 9. His major success was the capture of Arminius' wife in May 15. He was able to devastate large areas and eliminate any form of active resistance, but the majority of the Germans fled at the sight of the Roman army into remote forests. The raids were considered a success since the major goal of destroying any rebel alliance networks was completed.
After visiting the site of the disastrous
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 20,000 Romans had been killed in 9, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.
In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses, and then met Arminius' army at Idistoviso, further up the Weser, near modern Rinteln, in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River. Germanicus's leadership and command qualities were shown in full at the battle as his superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover,repeating the pattern of high German fatalities forcing them to flee. With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. Although only a small number of soldiers died it was still a bad ending for a brilliantly fought campaign. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three aquila (Roman) lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.
Despite the successes enjoyed by his troops, Germanicus' German campaign was in reaction to the mutinous intentions of his troops, and lacked any strategic value. In addition he engaged the very German leader (Arminius) who had destroyed three Roman legions in AD 9, and exposed his troops to the remains of those dead Romans. Furthermore, in leading his troops across the Rhine, without recourse to Tiberius, he contradicted the advice of Augustus to keep that river as the boundary of the empire, and opened himself to doubts about his motives in such independent action. These errors in strategic and political judgement gave Tiberius reason enough to recall his nephew.David Shotter,
Tiberius Caesar (London: Routledge, 1992) 35-37
Asia and Death
Germanicus was then sent to Asia (Roman province), where in 18 he defeated the kingdoms of
Cappadocia and Commagene, turning them into Roman provinces. During a sightseeing trip to Egypt (not a regular province, but the personal property of the Emperor) he seems to have unwittingly usurped several imperial prerogatives.Shotter, 38 The following year he found that the governor of
Syria (Roman province),
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, had cancelled the provincial arrangements that he had made. Germanicus in turn ordered Piso's reacall to Rome, although this action was probably beyond his authority.Shotter, 38 In the midst of this feud Germanicus died suddenly in
Antioch of a wasting illness - or poison. His death was surrounded by speculation, with several sources claiming he was poisoned by Piso, under orders from Emperor Tiberius. This was never proven, and Piso later committed suicide while facing trial, but Lives of the Twelve Caesars suggests Tiberius' jealousy and fear of his adopted son's popularity and increasing power as a motive.
The death of Germanicus in what can only be described as dubious circumstances greatly affected Tiberius' popularity in Rome, leading to the creation of a climate of fear in Rome itself. Also suspected of connivance in his death was Tiberius' chief advisor,
Sejanus, who would then turn the empire into a frightful tyranny throughout the 20s, before himself being removed and executed by Tiberius in a bloody purge in 31.
For Tacitus, the historian to whom we owe much of the information in this article, Germanicus was the epitome of Roman virtue and manliness, and his death symbolic of the decline of such virtue in the face of the rise of corruption and tyranny. His account of the German campaigns systematically contrasts Germanicus' prowess and popularity to the intriguing jealousy of his uncle, the emperor - and the maliciousness of Sejanus - while on the other hand portraying the war itself as a contest between two worthy heroes, Germanicus and Arminius. If the account downplays the setbacks suffered by Germanicus, the point is not so much to denigrate Arminius as it is to justify Germanicus in opposition to Tiberius.
Literary Activity
Germanicus made a Latin version, which survives, of
Aratus's
Phainomena, for which reason he is ranked among Roman writers on
astrology.
See Also
- Julio-Claudian family tree
References
External Links
- (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Umbria) "The Bronze Statue of Germanicus" of Amelia (Terni). Circumstances of the chance discovery in 1963 and restoration of this extremely fine heroic portrait bronze.
Germanicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 16 BC or 15 BC – October 10, 19). Born in Lugdunum, Gaul (modern Lyon), was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire.
Germanicus definition of Germanicus in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Away to the west the Hermann and the Germanicus had appeared and were coming into action.
Germanicus - Wikimedia Commons
Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus, possibly Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus before adoption (15 BC–AD October 10, 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early ...
Romans in Britain - Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus
Biography of Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus (10BC - 54AD) ... Titles: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, Consul V, Imperator XXVII, Tribuniciae ...
Roman Emperors - DIR Germanicus
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. DIR Atlas Germanicus Julius Caesar (15 B.C.- A.D. 19) Donna Hurley Introduction Germanicus Julius Caesar [[1]] was born in 15 BC to Nero ...
TIBERIUS CAESAR
Claudius Germanicus Caesar AD6 imperator III AD8 imperator IV AD9 imperator V AD11 imperator VI AD12 granted supreme power by Augustus AD13 imperator VII AD14/08/19 accession ...
TWELVE CAESARS
Gaius/Caligula - Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (37-41) Claudius - Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (41-54) Nero - Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (54-68)
Germanicus Caesar - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Germanicus ...
Roman general. He was the adopted son of the emperor Tiberius and married the emperor Augustus ' granddaughter Agrippina. Although he refused the suggestion of his troops that he ...
Germanicus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Germanicus
Roman general. He was the adopted son of the emperor Tiberius and married the emperor Augustus ' granddaughter Agrippina. Although he refused the suggestion of his troops that he ...
Inter Hotel Au Bosquet de Germanicus Saintes - Special Internet Rates ...
Inter Hotel Au Bosquet de Germanicus Saintes - discount reservation service. Save up to 60% when you book with HotelClub.
